Although it is considered a postharvest pest, the lgb attacks maize both before and after harvest. Depending upon temperature the eggs hatch in 7 18 days to give white larvae with brown. As their name indicates, they like to bore into grain and grain based products. The biology and control of prostephanus truncatus horn. They are laid singly or in clusters from 2 30 and are often attached to the grain. In larger grains, such as maize, as many as four beetles may be found in a single grain. Distribution and abundance of prostephanus truncatus. Prostephanus truncatus horn, the larger grain borer, is endemic to central america, but invaded africa with disastrous consequences for maize production.
One set of jute and polypropylene pp woven bags were treated with a cocktail of permethrin and pirimiphosmethyl. Bostrychidae is a serious insect pest of stored maize and cassava tubers in africa hill 2003, muatinte et al. Regulatory control of larger grain borer the introduction of larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus, into tanzania in east africa during the late 1970s and togo in west africa during the early 1980s, and the spread to at least 14 other african countries are mentioned in fundamentals of stored product entomology. Apr 01, 2003 read teretrius nigrescens against larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus in african maize stores. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions of 32 2 oc and 5888% r.
Extension services will be able to predict years in which there is significant risk of lgb attack, enabling them to focus their efforts with farmers, encouraging the use of appropriate storage technologies. This boring will many times leave nothing but empty grain shells in their wake. Eds implementation of and further research on biological control of the larger grain borer. Factsheet prostephanus truncatus horn larger grain. Lesser grain borers can be found in most any part of the home. The rate of development on loose shelled grain is usually slower than in grain on the cob. Gasga workshop on the larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus, 2425 february, 1983, tpi. Resistance in maize to the larger grain borer, prostephanus. Bostrichidae, was reported in mozambique for the first time during february 2007, in the mutarara district, tete province. Ecological studies on the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn col bostrichidae and their implications for integrated pest management. If, as it has been argued, the foundation of an effective integrated. Bostrichidae, is native to mexico and central america, where it is a pest of stored maize though it is also found in. The pest status of the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus. Regulatory control of larger grain borer storedproductinsects.
The biology of the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus. In a field survey, no preharvest infestation in the. The adults can, however, live in and damage many stored products such as bulrush millet sorghum, yam, and wheat, as well as structural wood and wooden utensils. Before sharing sensitive information online, make sure youre on a. Tanzaniangerman project for integrated pest management. The larger grain borer lgb, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Landscape ecology of rhipicephalus boophilus microplus ixodida. Invasive species threatening zimbabwe water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes martius is amonocotyledonous freshwater aquatic plant, belonging to the family pontederiaceae, related to the lily family liliaceaeand is a native of brazil and equador region. Teretrius nigrescens against larger grain borer prostephanus. Dec 18, 2019 one such invasive species affecting maize production in africa is the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. They dry the maize well, store it on the cob in suitable structures and avoid protracted storage whenever possible.
In africa the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Prostephanus truncatus in africa bioline international. The larger grain borer lgb was probably introduced to tanzania in the late 1970s since when it has spread throughout the east african region and to other parts of africa. Temperaturemediated competition between the invasive larger. Journal of chemical ecology joec pp570joce377406 august 1, 2002 19. Such traditional methods are reasonably effective and studies have shown that under normal conditions they can keep losses down to less than 5% per year adams, 1977. In recent years, new infestations have occurred in africa. They are usually laid in batches of 30 to 100 under leaf sheaths in a long column stretching up the stem, and may slightly be compressed by pressure from the growing stem. It is a beetle commonly found within store bought products and pest of stored cereal grains located worldwide.
One kg powder should be sufficient to treat 1500 to 2000 plants. Spatial distribution and movement patterns of stored. The larger grain borer lgb is a major pest of stored crops, such as maize, dried cassava roots and yams. Interspecific competition and grainhosts selection of maize. Pdf in africa the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn. Ecology and behavior effects of rearing density, age, sex. A grain probe trap will detect most insects infesting stored sorghum grain. After about 25 years of intensive research a substantial moment of information has accumulated on the basic biology of prostephanus truncatus in stored products. We describe the isolation and characterization of 24 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers and their testing on a population from honduras. Host plant resistance in maize can be a useful component of integrated pest management ipm of the larger grain borer lgb, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera.
Bostrichidae by doug johnson, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture damage. The head and abdomen feature rows of tiny indentations and the antennae finish with 3 larger segments that form a club. It is recommended that a small amount of neem powder ground neem seeds mixed with dry clay or sawdust at a rate of 1. Investigation of the effect of female larger grain borer, prostephanus. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers. The ecology of prostephanus truncatus horn in the field and store was investigated under the kenyan climatic conditions and farming systems. Bostrichidae and the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais mot.
In one set of pics bags 50 insects each of the larger grain borer lgb p. It grows from a few inches to about a met er in height. Pheromone trap catches in different habitats strongly suggest that p. This boring will many times leave nothing but empty shells where theyve fed. This species is endemic to mexico and central america, but was accidentally introduced into tanzania in the late 1970s hodges et al. Large quantities of grain dust are produced by the adults as they tunnel from grain to grain figure 3. The rate of production of aggregation pheromone by male larger grain borer beetles, prostephanus truncatus. Monitoring the establishment and dispersal of teretrius. The larger grain borer is reported to breed only in maize and cassava. African farmers operate traditional methods of integrated pest control when storing maize. Bostrichidae, are exceptions because there has been considerable research into factors that trigger. Bostrichidae was first recorded in africa in the tambora region of tanzania in 1981 dunstan and magazini, 1981 and afterwards in togo harnisch and krall, 1984. Volume 49 issue 1 environmental entomology oxford academic. Read teretrius nigrescens against larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus in african maize stores.
The larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Since these two pests are usually found together, a mixture of neem and pyrethrum known as nimpyr seems as a better option to protect stored maize. Whole grains, on the cob, may be attacked both before and after harvest. It is primarily a wood boring pest that is preadapted to infest only certain stored. Both adults and larvae feed internally on maize grains and an infestation can start in the field when the cob is still on the plant but most damage occurs in storage. Can triple layer hermetic pics bags stop heavy infestation. The focus will be on rhyzopertha dominica, the lesser grain borer, temporal and spatial patterns in flight activity and dispersal, and the influence of landcover and landuse patterns on flight activity. Bostrichidae, and larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Ecology and behavior effects of rearing density, age, sex, and food deprivation on flight initiation of the red flour beetle coleoptera. The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Prostephanus truncatus is a primary pest of farmstored maize. Since then it has spread across all provinces of the country with exception of nampula.
Ecological studies on the larger grain borer, prostephanus. When infesting stored maize cobs, with husks intact, the adults frequently begin their attack by boring. Ecology and behavior effects of rearing density, age. The larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Potential hosts of prostephanus truncatus coleoptera. Prostephanus truncatus causes severe damage to maize grain mostly in granaries of smallholder farmers. Factsheet prostephanus truncatus horn larger grain borer. Detection and monitoring of larger grain borer, prostephanus. Temperaturemediated competition between the invasive. Since then, the larger grain borer became a serious pest of stored maize and dry cassava.
The development through these four life stages comprise one generation. Request pdf the biology of the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. Biological control of the larger grain borer prostephanus. Both adult and larval stages are destructive in nature. Field and store ecology of the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn coleoptera. The female lesser grain borer lays between 300 500 eggs over a period of ca three weeks.
Adults also bore into a wide range of foodstuffs and other materials such as bamboo, gourds, plastic and soap. Grain borers can be found in most any part of the home. Biology and ecology of the african maize stalk borer eggs are round, flattened and about one mm in diameter. First report on occurrence of the larger grain borer. Interspecific competition between agricultural pests may affect the species that can establish, and may also affect food production. Plantderived products as protectans against the larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus and other storedfood pests. The release of predator, teretrius nigrescens, in togo in 1991 and. Invasive species threatening zimbabwe water hyacinth eichhornia crassipesmartius is amonocotyledonous freshwater aquatic plant, belonging to the family pontederiaceae, related to the lily family liliaceaeand is a native of brazil and equador region. The adult beetles bore into maize cobs, husks and grains leaving tunnels and empty grain shells, and producing large quantities of grain dust. Teretrius nigrescens is a predator of the larger grain borer lgb prostephanus truncatus, an invasive post. Introduction the importance of landscape structure and how organisms interact with spatial and temporal landscape heterogeneity has come to the forefront of ecology, and this perspective is making inroads into pest management as well. Two to four grain probe traps placed into the surface of grain during a fortyeighthour period will trap insects. Other insect species develop on the cracked or broken kernels and grain dust, which can be produced by harvesting or binning procedures. Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and.
Pdf first report on occurrence of the larger grain borer. First report on occurrence of the larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus horn. The maize weevil sitophilus zeamais mot and the larger grain borer prostephanus truncatus horn are major pests of stored grains in ghana. Interspecific competition and grainhosts selection of.
The insect is larger and darker in color than the lesser grain borer. Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain. Simple neem products are reported to be effective for control of stemborers, including the african maize stalkborer. The lesser grain borer originated in south america but is now a cosmopolitan pest especially in warmer countries. Its main competitor is sitophilus zeamais motschulsky, the maize weevil, which is cosmopolitan. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The biology of the larger grain borer, prostephanus. The sole species, rhyzopertha dominica, is known commonly as the lesser grain borer, american wheat weevil, australian wheat weevil, and stored grain borer. The introduction of larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus, into tanzania in east africa during the late 1970s and togo in west africa during the early 1980s, and the spread to at least 14 other african countries are mentioned in fundamentals of stored product entomology.
Following the accidental introduction of the bostrichid beetle prostephanus truncatus into east and west africa around 1980, a classical biological control campaign was launched in 1991. Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain borer. Their biology and identification a training manual, 2nd edition. Lesser grain borers mainly attack wheat, corn, rice and millet. Laboratory interspecific competition and grainhosts selection experiments involving maize weevil mw, sitophilus zeamais motsch. A synoptic compilation of measures to control the larger grain borer lgb and associated storage pests in maize and dried cassava. Rhyzopertha is a monotypic genus of beetles in the family bostrichidae, the false powderpost beetles. Proceedings of an iitafao coordination meeting, cotonou, republic of benin, 23 june 1989.
Ecology and management of european corn borer in iowa. Pheromone trap catch data show a single strong peak of p. The establishment of the predatory histerid beetle, teretrius nigrescens lewis, following its field release in south eastern kenya in 1992, and its impact on populations of the larger grain borer, prostephanus truncatus horn, in woodland habitats is evaluated. Evaluation of triple layer hermetic storage bag pics. In a field survey, no preharvest infestation in the farmers maize fields was detected. Ecology and management of european corn borer in iowa field corn. As their name indicates, they like to bore into grain and grain products. They can also enter the kernel through feeding damage created by internal pests. The larger grain borer usually is restricted to corn maize and does not commonly occur north of mexico. However, neem products are not as effective for protection of maize grain against the larger grain borer as against grain weevils.
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